TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page ..............................................................................................i
Certification
page...................................................................................ii
Dedication............................................................................................iii
Acknowledgement.................................................................................iv
Table of
content....................................................................................vi
Abstract................................................................................................x
CHAPTER ONE:
1.0
Introduction..................................................................................1
1.1 Sources
of Water ..........................................................................3
1.2 Importance
of Water.....................................................................6
1.3 Water
Pollution............................................................................10
1.4 Water
Quality ………………………………………………………………………….13
1.5 Portable
water …………………………………………………….....................15
1.6 Objective
of the work ………………………………………………………..……17
1.7 Sampling………………………………………………………………………….……18
CHAPTER TWO:
Literature review .................................................................19
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHOD
3.1 Sample Locations…………………………………………..…………………31
3.2 Method
of Analysis…………………………………………...………………34
3.3 Physical
Analysis………………………………………..………..…………..35
3.3.1 Determination of Colour……………………………..………….…………35
3.3.2 Odour…………………………………………………………………………….35
3.3.3 Electrical Conductivity.…………………………………………………….35
3.3.4 Determination of PH Value…………………………………………….…36
3.4 Chemical
Analysis……………………………………………………..…….36
3.4.1 Determination of Total Solid…………………………………………..…36
3.4.2 Determination of Dissolved Solid ………………………………………37
3.4.3 Determination of Suspended Solid (S.S)…………………………….37
3.4.4 Determination of Acidity………………………………………….………37
3.4.5 Determination of Alkalinity………………………………….…………….38
3.4.6 Determination of C.O.D…………………………………..……….……….38
3.4.7 Determination of Dissolved Oxygen…………………………..…….…39
3.4.8 Determination of Calcium ………………………………………..…….…39
3.4.9 Determination of Magnesium……………………………….…..……….40
3.4.10 Determination of Chloride…………………………………….…..………40
3.4.11 Determination of Iron…………………………………………………….…40
3.4.12 Determination of Zinc ………………………………………………………41
3.4.13 Determination of Lead………………………………………………………41
3.4.14 Determination of Manganese………………………………….…….….42
3.4.15 Determination of copper …………………………………………......….42
3.4.16 Determination of Nitrate………………………………………………....42
3.4.17 Determination of Phosphate..………………………………………..…43
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS, DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
4.0 Analytical
Results …………………………………………….………………44
4.1 Tables……………………………………………..………………………………44
4.2 Discussions…………………………………………………………………..…49
4.3 Conclusions………………………………………………………….…………54
References………………………………………………………………………55
Appendix One………………………………………………………………….60
Appendix Two……………………………………………………….…………64
ABSTRACT
Three
types of sachet water samples and three types of borehole water samples all
from Owerri Municipal, Imo State were collected and analyzed for
physicochemical parameters. A total of twenty (21) parameters including Odour,
Colour, pH, Conductivity, Acidity, Alkalinity, Total Solids, Dissolved Solids,
Suspended Solids, Dissolved Oxygen (D.O), Chemical Oxygen Demand (C.O.D),
Calcium, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Lead, Chloride, Nitrate, Zinc, Magnesium and
sulphate were analyzed. The W.H.O recommended standards shows that all the
samples are odourless and colourless. Borehole water is 7.1 in pH, while sachet
water has a lower value of 6.5. Acidity in sachet water has a mean value of
50mg/l while borehole water has 54mg/l. Total solids of borehole water is higher
with a mean value of 15.6mg/l, while sachet water has 5.7mg/l. Alkalinity is
higher in borehole water with a mean value of 165, while sachet water has a
lower value of 113. Dissolved oxygen in borehole water has a higher value of
1.19mg/l than sachet water with a value of 0.83mg/l. C.O.D is trace in all the
samples. Suspended solids in borehole water is 1.02mg/l which is higher than
sachet water which has 0.62mg/l. Calcium is higher in borehole water with a
value of 3.1mg/l, while sachet water has 1.92mg/l. Copper content is higher in
borehole with a value of 1.42mg/l in borehole water, while sachet water has
0.49mg/l. Chloride is higher in sachet water with a value of 64.1mg/l and lower
in borehole water 56.2mg/l. Manganese and Lead values of borehole water are
0.54mg/l and 0.77mg/l respectively, which are higher than W.H.O standard,
while sachet water has values of
0.28mg/l and 1.01mg/l. Iron value of borehole water is 1.20mg/l, while sachet
water is lower with a value of 1.12mg/l. Nitrate is 0.39mg/l in borehole water
which is lower than sachet water which has 0.41mg/l. Borehole water is lower in
Zinc with a value of 0.41mg/l while sachet water has a higher value of
0.44mg/l. Borehole water has a phosphate value of 5.21mg/l while sachet water
has a lower value of 4.02mg/l. Magnesium is higher in borehole water with a
value 1.47mg/l, while sachet water has 0.93mg/l. The parameters analyzed most
generally conform to the W.H.O standards for drinking water.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Water is a universal solvent, which
consist of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Chemically, it could be defined as a
chemical substance with two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen in each of
its molecules; hence the molecular formula is H2O. It is formed by
the direct reaction of hydrogen with oxygen;
2H2 + O2
2H2O
Water is colourless, odourless and
tasteless liquid in its pure form. It is an inorganic substance that occurs in
three states; liquid gaseous and solid states1. Water covers 71% of
the earth surface. On earth , it is found mostly in oceans and other large
water bodies with 1.6% of water below ground in aquifers and 0.001% in the air
as vapour clouds (formed from the solid and liquid water particles suspended in
air), and precipitation2.
Oceans hold 97% of surface water, glacier and polar ice cap 2.4% and
other land surface water such as rivers, lakes and ponds 0.6%. A very small
amount of the Earths water is contained within biological bodies and manufactured
products. Water on earth moves continually through a cycle of evaporation,
transpiration, precipitation and runoff, usually reaching the sea. Overland,
evaporation and transpiration contributes to the precipitation. Clean and fresh
drinking water is essential for human and other life forms. Access to safe
drinking water has improved steadily and substantially over the last decades in
almost every part of the world3, 4. There is a correlation between
access to safe water and GDP, per capita5. However, some observers
have estimated that by 2025 more than half of the world population will be
facing water-based vulnerability6.
As water is heated from OOC,
it contracts until 4oC is reached and then begins the expansion
which is normally associated with increasing temperature. The viscosity of
water decreases ten folds as the temperature is raised from OOC to
100 OC, and this also is associated with the decrease of ice like
character in the water as the hydrogen bonds are disrupted by increasing
thermal agitation. The electrical conductivity of water is at 1,000,000 times
larger than that of most other non-metallic liquids at room temperature. The
current in this case is carried by ions produced by the dissociation of water
according to the reaction;
H2O H+ + OH-
These products recombine completely
to form water vapour, also undergoes most of the chemical reactions of liquid
water and at very high concentration even shows some of the unusual solvents
properties of liquid water. Above 3740C, water vapour may be
compressed to any density without liquefying, and at a density as high as
0.4glcm3, it can dissolve appreciable quantities of salt7.
1.1 SOURCES OF WATER
Water naturally exists in three main
sources; rain water, ground water and surface water.
Rain water is naturally the purest
source of water but as it gets down it absorbs compounds from the atmosphere.
Its main components are chlorides, nitrates, sulphates, sodium, potassium and
ammonia. The concentration can vary from 0.1 to 10uglml. The rain can be
collected from roofs and prepared water sheds which could assist in polluting
and making it one of the most unfit sources of water for drinking8.
Ground
water are said to have emanated from the melting of meteoric water (rain, snow,
and hailstone), into the ground, they have served as source of domestic water
supply. It offers cheaper and purer supply. The main ionic components a
